Ethereum held above $2,300 after rebounding, but derivatives markets have yet to signal a clear bullish turn. Cointelegraph reported that ether futures open interest rose to $25.4 billion and spot ether ETFs recorded $248 million of net inflows over the past 10 days. Funding rates have struggled to stay above 5 percent and at times fell below zero. Bitmine Immersion announced a $312 million ether purchase, but broader network activity and DApp revenue remain weak.

Applied Materials on Monday unveiled two deposition systems tailored for sub-2 nanometre gate-all-around (GAA) transistor processes. The company said GAA transistor fabrication requires more than 500 process steps to build internal 3D structures, with many steps demanding near-atomic tolerances. One system uses selective bottom-up silicon nitride deposition to protect shallow trench isolation structures and reduce parasitic capacitance. The other controls metal gate stacks with atomic-level uniformity and integrates multiple metal deposition steps on one platform.