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Solid-state batteries move from dream technology to reality as QuantumScape, Toyota, CATL jockey

Solid-state batteries, seen as a next-generation technology for electric vehicles and energy storage systems, are reigniting a commercialisation race. They replace liquid electrolytes with solid materials to cut fire risk and raise energy density, but face hurdles including dendrites, manufacturing defects and high costs. QuantumScape says it has secured key manufacturing technology. Toyota and CATL are also stepping up development, while some companies weigh aviation and defence as early markets.