Competition to invest in quantum computers is intensifying as the U.S. government and major big tech companies point to 2028-2030 as a turning point for practical use. Researchers say current systems are too small and too error-prone, with no confirmed case of solving problems useful for industry. Companies and governments are setting roadmaps, while academics debate gaps between claims and technology, and highlight error correction as a key hurdle.

Dutch chip equipment maker ASML has started shipping its next-generation high-NA EUV lithography tools to chip plants, with each unit costing $400 million. The system can achieve 8-nanometer resolution and draw finer circuits than existing EUV tools. Intel is the leading early customer after bringing in its first tool in 2024 for assembly and testing. Cost and U.S.-driven export curbs on sales to China are shaping adoption.