A study found that when people converse in a language that is not their mother tongue, the other person’s words can feel colder or ruder. Linguist Irini Mavrou (이리니 마브로우) and her team compared native English speakers with Spanish-speaking participants who use English as a foreign language. The non-native group tended to judge the same workplace scenes as ruder, likely due to difficulty reading tone, relationships and non-verbal cues, along with cognitive burden.

Media companies are expanding experiments using AI, with a focus on cutting production costs, developing new genres and improving user experience. Video tools now generate longer 4K content with audio and better character consistency. Broadcasters and studios are testing AI in election coverage, animation and drama, while China pushes commercialisation. In distribution, recommendation algorithms and AI dubbing are becoming core infrastructure. The shift is also raising concerns over copyright, creator protection and review standards.