Nvidia and Hitachi are expanding the use of physical AI beyond robots to social infrastructure such as trains, power grids and factories, citing the need for higher precision and stronger verification than generative AI. Hitachi is strengthening its infrastructure AI business around HMAX by Hitachi. Executives described accuracy requirements in terms of “nines” and stressed safety risks from malfunctions. The companies highlighted phased development using training, simulation-based validation and deployment, as well as the growing use of synthetic data and the need for traceability and human override.

Nahyeon-seung (나현승), a Korea University professor, said frequent dual listings in South Korea’s capital market are a major cause of the “Korea discount” and called for a sharp expansion of minority shareholder rights. He said dual listings account for about 18 percent of market capitalisation, far above most major markets. He proposed requiring minority shareholder approval and limiting controlling shareholders’ voting rights, while warning that an outright ban could curb investment.