Some countries including Canada and Australia can levy tax on unrealised bitcoin gains when a taxpayer loses tax residency, prompting some high-value holders to consider emigration timing ahead of selling, CryptoSlate reported. Automatic exchange of crypto transaction and tax residency data under CRS and CARF is reinforcing the focus on tax residency. The OECD says 76 jurisdictions plan to join CARF, with cross-border exchanges starting in 2027. Rules vary across the UK, Spain, the United States and Puerto Rico.

Kazakhstan will exempt individual investors from personal income tax on profits from trading digital assets for three years under a presidential decree signed by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. The measure, prepared jointly by the AI and Digital Development Ministry, the National Bank and the Astana International Financial Centre, excludes assets linked to fraud, money laundering or unlicensed crypto services. Authorities also outlined steps to manage mining-related power demand and prepare follow-on taxation rules.