A 2020 paper by former U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission chair Gary Gensler warning that the spread of deep learning in finance could create new risks is drawing renewed attention as AI agents begin to take part in financial decision-making. David Schwartz, former chief technology officer at Ripple, agreed that much of the paper “makes sense,” including concerns about automated decisions moving markets in the same direction. He rejected the idea that smarter AI would necessarily behave irrationally.

Experts say bitcoin may be viewed as a long-term investment but should take only a small share of retirement assets because volatility and the risk of losses at withdrawal matter most. Industry sentiment is leaning toward limited allocations rather than making bitcoin a core holding. Some firms suggest 1 to 2 percent or 2 to 5 percent, while advisers recommend keeping crypto below 5 percent. Institutions also tend to invest indirectly via regulated spot ETFs or crypto-related companies.