U.S. Federal Reserve research found that expectations of future returns and perceptions of risk are more important than income or age in determining participation in crypto investment. A Cleveland Fed analysis said crypto holders and non-holders view future digital-asset returns very differently. In a 2025 randomized experiment, participants shown bitcoin’s past 12-month return raised their intended crypto allocation and were more likely to buy. The study also found limited effects on everyday consumption.

SpaceX plans to sharply expand the portion of IPO shares allocated to retail investors, potentially up to 30 percent, Bloomberg reported. Subscriptions will be taken through brokers including Charles Schwab, Fidelity and Robinhood, with Fidelity allowing accounts with at least $2,000. The article flags potential oversubscription, post-listing volatility, restrictions on quick resale, historical limits of first-day gains, the company’s debt and losses, concentrated voting control by Elon Musk, and possible ticker confusion with Virgin Galactic.