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Four ways Bitcoin can survive a quantum threat

Discussion is gaining pace on network-level defence upgrades after concerns were raised that quantum computers could undermine Bitcoin\'s core cryptography. CoinDesk reported that Google research said a sufficiently powerful quantum computer could crack Bitcoin\'s ECDSA in under 9 minutes, faster than the average 10-minute block time. While such machines do not exist yet, some analysts see a possible turning point around 2029. Proposals include keeping public keys off-chain, shifting to quantum-resistant signatures, reducing mempool exposure, and limiting rapid outflows from already exposed funds.