AI models developed by four elite teams in the government\'s \"independent AI foundation model\" project have all been listed in a global AI competitiveness evaluation metric. The Ministry of Science and ICT said the models were included in the \"Notable Model\" list compiled by U.S. nonprofit AI research group Epoch AI. The metric is used in Stanford University\'s AI Index. The ministry said only the United States, China and South Korea have produced such models so far this year.

Memory accounted for as much as 63 percent of AI chip component costs in the fourth quarter of 2025, an estimate showed. Epoch AI examined AI chips designed by Nvidia, AMD, Google and Amazon and estimated the memory share rose from 52 percent in the first quarter of 2024. In dollar terms, memory-related spending climbed to about $32 billion in 2025 from about $12 billion in 2024. The figures are estimates with stated uncertainty ranges.