End-to-end encryption remains a core technology for secure communications, but officials and experts say it is increasingly insufficient for governments and critical infrastructure. They warn attackers are shifting from cracking encrypted messages to bypassing identity, account and device controls through phishing and impersonation. Experts also point to metadata risks and reliance on foreign-run platforms. Governments are seeking integrated systems combining authentication, device trust, metadata management and platform control, including sovereign communications infrastructure.

A competition among listed companies to hold bitcoin on their balance sheets continued in May, with firms sustaining large purchases despite bitcoin trading about 42 percent below its record high. Based on a BitcoinTreasuries.net corporate adoption report, listed firms added or newly disclosed 51,045 BTC in May, with net growth of 43,557 BTC after sales. The value was about $3.2 billion at the May 31 close. Strategy bought the most, while SpaceX drew attention by disclosing 18,712 BTC ahead of a planned IPO on June 12.